Part of speech in english pdf
The term “part of speech” refers to the grammatical category of a word, determining its function and usage within a sentence. In English, there are eight traditional parts of speech:
Noun: A word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea, such as “dog,” “city,” or “love.”
Pronoun: A word that replaces a noun or noun phrase, such as “he,” “she,” or “it.”
Verb: A word that expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being, such as “run,” “eat,” or “is.”
Adjective: A word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun, such as “happy,” “big,” or “red.”
Adverb: A word that modifies or describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb, indicating manner, place, time, degree, etc., such as “quickly,” “there,” or “often.”
Preposition: A word that shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence, such as “in,” “on,” or “under.”
Conjunction: A word that connects words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, such as “and,” “but,” or “because.”
Interjection: A word or phrase that expresses emotion or exclamation, often independent of the rest of the sentence, such as “wow,” “ouch,” or “hey.”
NOUN: Name of living things (person, plants, animals etc), place (country, city, village etc), thing, or idea (happy, ill, sad etc) is called Noun. For Example Pakistan, Quaid E Azam, Happy, Boys, Army etc. It’s like a label for something you can see, touch, feel, or think about.
Remember, nouns help us communicate by giving names to everything around us!
Everything is a noun because everything living things, non living things, ideas have a name.
TYPES OF NOUN: part of speech in english pdf part of speech in english pdf
Common Nouns: These are general names for people, places, things, or ideas, like “dog,” “city,” or “love.” They don’t start with a capital letter unless they begin a sentence.
Proper Nouns: These are specific names for people, places, things, or ideas, like “John,” “Paris,” or “Coca-Cola.” They always start with a capital letter.
Concrete Nouns: These are nouns you can experience with your senses, like “table,” “flower,” or “music.”
Abstract Nouns: These are things you can’t see or touch, like “happiness,” “freedom,” or “justice.”
Countable Nouns: These are things you can count, like “books,” “cats,” or “pens.”
Uncountable Nouns: These are things you can’t count individually, like “water,” “air,” or “rice.”
Collective Nouns: These are names for groups of people or things, like “family,” “team,” or “herd.”
part of speech in english pdf part of speech in english pdf
Pronoun: A pronoun is a word that use instead of noun in a sentence. Instead of using the same noun repeatedly, we can use pronouns to refer to them.
Pronouns eliminated repetition of noun in the sentences and more concise the sentences.
Pronouns help us avoid repetition and make sentences clearer and more concise.
Types of Pronouns:
Personal Pronouns: These pronouns pointed to specific people or things. Personal pronoun have three types.
Subject Pronouns: These pronouns are used as the subject of a sentence, like “I,” “you,” “he,” “she,” “it,” “we,” and “they.”
Object Pronouns: These pronouns are used as the object of a verb or preposition, like “me,” “you,” “him,” “her,” “it,” “us,” and “them.”
Possessive Pronouns: These pronouns show ownership or possession, like “my,” “your,” “his,” “her,” “its,” “our,” and “their.”
Reflexive Pronouns: These pronouns end in “-self” or “-selves” and refer back to the subject of the sentence, emphasizing that the subject performs the action on itself. For example myself, yourself etc
Demonstrative Pronouns: These pronouns point to specific things or people. For example this, that etc
Indefinite Pronouns: These pronouns refer to nonspecific people or things. They don’t point to any particular person or thing. Examples include “anyone,” “everyone,” “someone,” “something,” “none,” “anybody,” “nobody,” “somebody,” “everyone,” and “everything.”
Interrogative Pronouns: Pronoun which are used to ask questions are called Interrogative Pronoun. For example what, which etc
Relative Pronouns: These pronouns introduce relative clauses, which give us extra information about a noun. For example which, that etc
Verb: A verb is a word that shows action (like “run,” “jump,” “eat”) or a state of being (like “is,” “are,” “were”). Verbs are the “doers” in a sentence.
They tell us what someone or something is doing or what state they are in.
Verbs are crucial in constructing sentences because they express actions, states of being, and help convey the timing of those actions or states.
Types of Verbs: part of speech in english pdf part of speech in english pdf
Action Verbs: These verbs talk about physical or mental actions. Example included: “run,” “eat,” “think,” “write,” “laugh.”
Linking Verbs: These verbs connect the subject of a sentence with a noun, pronoun, or adjective that describes or renames it. For example: “is,” “am,” “are,” “was,” “were,” “seem,” “appear,” “become,” “feel,” “look,” “smell,” “taste.”
Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs): These verbs come before the main verb in a sentence and help to express tense, mood, or voice. Examples include: “is,” “am,” “are,” “was,” “were,” “have,” “has,” “had,” “do,” “does,” “did,” “can,” “could,” “will,” “would,” “shall,” “should,” “may,” “might,” “must.”
Transitive Verbs: These verbs need a direct object to complete their meaning. The action is transferred from the subject to the object. For example: “eat” (I eat pizza), “write” (She writes poems).
Intransitive Verbs: These verbs do not need a direct object to complete their meaning. They express action that does not pass from the subject to an object. For example: “run,” “sleep,” “arrive.”
Regular Verbs: These verbs form their past tense and past participle by adding “-ed” to the base form. For example: “walk” (walked), “talk” (talked), “play” (played).
Irregular Verbs: These verbs do not follow the regular pattern for forming past tense and past participle. Every single irregular verb has its own unique forms. For example: “go” (went), “eat” (ate), “see” (saw).
Adjective: An adjective is a word that give more information about noun or pronoun. Adjectives make our language more vivid and specific by providing details about the things we talk about.
Types of Adjectives: Descriptive Adjectives: These adjectives describe the characteristics or qualities of a noun. They answer questions like “What kind?” or “Which one?” Examples include: “red,” “tall,” “beautiful,” “clever,” “old.”
Quantitative Adjectives: These adjectives tell us the quantity or amount of a noun. They answer questions like “How many?” or “How much?” For examples : three, many, all etc.
Demonstrative Adjectives: These adjectives indicate which noun is being referred to and where it is in space or time. They answer questions like “Which one?” or “How far?” Examples include: “this,” “that,” “these,” “those.”
Possessive Adjectives: These adjectives pointed ownership or possession of a noun. They indicate who or what owns or has something. For example: my, your, his etc
Interrogative Adjectives: A word used to ask questions about a noun is called Interrogative adjectives. They are similar to interrogative pronouns. For example: which, what, whose etc
Proper Adjectives: These adjectives are derived from proper nouns (names of specific people, places, or things) and are capitalized. Examples include: “American,” “French,” “Shakespearean.”
Adjectives help provide more detail and specificity to our language, allowing us to paint a clearer picture of the nouns they describe.
Adverb: part of speech in english pdf part of speech in english pdf
An adverb is a word that modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs often tell us how, when, where, why, or to what extent something happens.
Types of Adverbs:
Adverbs of Manner: These adverbs give details that how an action is done. They answer the question “how?” For example: quickly, happily etc
Adverbs of Time: These adverbs describe when or for how long an action happens. They answer the question “when?” For example: tomorrow, now etc
Adverbs of Place: These adverbs describe where an action happens. They answer the question “where?” Examples include: “here,” “there,” “everywhere,” “inside,” “outside,” “below,” “above.”
Adverbs of Frequency: These adverbs tell us that how often an action happens. They answer the question “how often?” For example sometimes, never etc
Adverbs of Degree: These adverbs modify adjectives or other adverbs to indicate the extent or degree of something. They answer the question “to what extent?” For very, enough, almost etc.
Interrogative Adverbs: These adverbs are used to ask questions about time, place, manner, reason, or degree. They are similar to interrogative pronouns. For examples when, where, how, how much etc.
Relative Adverbs: These adverbs are used to introduce relative clauses that provide additional information about a noun. They connect the clauses to the rest of the sentence. Examples include: “when,” “where,” “why.”
Adverbs add detail and clarity to sentences by providing information about how, when, where, or why something happens.
Preposition: A preposition is a word that establishes a connection between various elements within a sentence, particularly indicating the relationship of a noun or pronoun to other parts of the sentence. These connectors often delineate location, direction, time, or manner. Examples include “amidst,” “betwixt,” “thwart,” and “sans.”
Prepositions of Place: These prepositions indicate where something is located or the direction in which something is moving. For example in, on, at etc.
Prepositions of Time: These prepositions indicate when something happens or the time period during which something occurs. Examples include: “before,” “after,” “during,” “since,” “until,” “at,” “on,” “in.”
Prepositions of Movement: These prepositions indicate the direction of movement or the means by which something moves. Examples include: “into,” “onto,” “out of,” “off,” “through,” “across,” “along.”
These prepositions indicate the doer of an action. Examples include: “by,” “with,” “from.”
Conjunction: A conjunction is a word that joint words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. Conjunctions help to join different parts of a sentence and show how they are related to each other.
Types of Conjunctions:
Coordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance. The common coordinating conjunctions are: “and,” “but,” “or,” “nor,” “for,” “so,” “yet.”
Subordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions connect an independent clause with a dependent clause, showing the relationship between the two. Examples include: “because,” “although,” “while,” “since,” “if,” “when,” “unless.”
Interjection: An interjection is a word or phrase that shows feeling, emotion or exclamation Interjections are often used independently and do not grammatically relate to the rest of the sentence.
Types of Interjections:
Exclamatory Interjections: These interjections express strong emotions or exclamations. Examples include: “Wow!”, “Ouch!”, “Yay!”, “Oh no!”
Attention-getting Interjections: These interjections are used to get someone’s attention or to call someone. Examples include: “Hey!”, “Excuse me!”, “Psst!”
Prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections play important roles in connecting words, expressing relationships, and conveying emotions in sentences.
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